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NCRM Typology (3410)
- 1. Frameworks for Research and Research Designs (1237)
  - 1.1 Epistemology (83)
    - 1.1.1 Philosophy of social science (21)
    - 1.1.2 Critical theory (4)
    - 1.1.3 Feminist methods (3)
    - 1.1.4 Humanistic methods (2)
    - 1.1.5 Interpretivism (2)
    - 1.1.6 Positivism (2)
    - 1.1.7 Postmodernism (3)
    - 1.1.8 Poststructuralism (3)
  - 1.10 Quasi-Experimental Research (10)
    - 1.10.1 Case-control studies (1)
    - 1.10.2 Difference-in-differences (DID) (1)
    - 1.10.3 Paired comparison (1)
    - 1.10.4 Instrumental variables (1)
    - 1.10.5 Regression discontinuity (1)
    - 1.10.6 Twin studies (5)
  - 1.11 Evaluation Research (58)
    - 1.11.1 Policy evaluation (8)
    - 1.11.2 Consumer satisfaction (1)
    - 1.11.3 Theory of change methods (1)
  - 1.12 Case Study (75)
  - 1.13 Pilot Study (11)
  - 1.14 Participatory Research (139)
    - 1.14.1 Child-led research (8)
    - 1.14.2 Emancipatory research (8)
    - 1.14.3 Inclusive research (8)
    - 1.14.4 Indigenous methodology (4)
    - 1.14.5 Participatory Action Research (PAR) (7)
    - 1.14.6 User engagement (8)
  - 1.15 Action Research (14)
    - 1.15.1 Participatory Action Research (PAR) (9)
  - 1.16 Ethnographic Research (31)
  - 1.17 Behavioural Research (29)
  - 1.18 Meta-Analysis (8)
    - 1.18.1 Mantel-Haenszel methods (1)
  - 1.19 Systematic Review (7)
  - 1.2 Descriptive Research (24)
  - 1.20 Secondary Analysis (278)
    - 1.20.1 Archival research (8)
    - 1.20.2 Documentary research (2)
    - 1.20.3 Analysis of official statistics (35)
    - 1.20.4 Analysis of existing survey data (21)
    - 1.20.5 Analysis of administrative data (44)
    - 1.20.6 Analysis of secondary qualitative data (16)
  - 1.21 Digital Social Research (39)
    - 1.21.1 Online qualitative fieldwork (5)
    - 1.21.2 Analysis of social media (8)
    - 1.21.3 Big data analytics (13)
    - 1.21.4 Online experimental research (1)
  - 1.22 Mixed Methods (150)
    - 1.22.1 Multi-strategy research (3)
    - 1.22.2 Mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches (6)
    - 1.22.3 Convergent designs (1)
    - 1.22.4 Embedded designs (1)
    - 1.22.5 Multiphase designs (1)
    - 1.22.6 Parallel designs (1)
  - 1.23 Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Research (25)
  - 1.24 Frameworks for Research and Research Designs (other) (272)
    - 1.24.1 Hypothesis testing research (23)
    - 1.24.2 Intervention studies (2)
  - 1.3 Exploratory Research (39)
  - 1.4 Explanatory Research and Causal analysis (36)
  - 1.5 Comparative and Cross National Research (91)
    - 1.5.1 Cross-national research (13)
    - 1.5.2 Cross-cultural research (4)
    - 1.5.3 Comparative research (8)
    - 1.5.4 Historical comparative research (3)
  - 1.6 Survey Research (131)
  - 1.7 Cross-Sectional Research (35)
    - 1.7.1 Repeated cross-sections (5)
  - 1.8 Longitudinal Research (226)
    - 1.8.1 Panel survey (25)
    - 1.8.2 Cohort study (12)
    - 1.8.3 Qualitative longitudinal research (QLR) (15)
    - 1.8.4 Mixed methods longitudinal research (6)
  - 1.9 Experimental Research (46)
    - 1.9.1 Experimental design (17)
    - 1.9.2 Laboratory studies (13)
    - 1.9.3 Randomized Control Trials (RCT) (7)
- 2. Data Collection (580)
  - 2.1 Sampling (45)
    - 2.1.1 Survey sampling (4)
    - 2.1.2 Qualitative sampling (7)
    - 2.1.3 Probability sampling methods (3)
    - 2.1.4 Non-probability sampling (1)
  - 2.10 Multimodal Research (2)
  - 2.11 Online Data Collection (144)
    - 2.11.1 Big data (15)
    - 2.11.2 Mobile digital data (17)
    - 2.11.3 Online communities (1)
    - 2.11.4 Social media data (19)
  - 2.12 Data Collection (other) (189)
  - 2.2 Participant Recruitment (10)
    - 2.2.1 Hard to reach populations (3)
    - 2.2.2 Excluded/marginalised populations (5)
  - 2.3 Survey and Questionnaire Design (119)
    - 2.3.1 Questionnaire design (7)
    - 2.3.10 Assessment instruments (4)
    - 2.3.3 Cognitive testing (5)
    - 2.3.4 Face-to-face survey interview (9)
    - 2.3.5 Telephone/video call survey interview (3)
    - 2.3.8 Online questionnaire (3)
  - 2.4 Diary Methods (23)
  - 2.5 Qualitative Interviewing (66)
    - 2.5.1 Qualitative interview design (11)
    - 2.5.10 Videoing interviews (6)
    - 2.5.11 Unstructured interviews (3)
    - 2.5.12 Semi-structured interviews (2)
    - 2.5.13 Structured interviews (1)
    - 2.5.2 Focus groups (11)
    - 2.5.3 Face-to-face qualitative interviewing (5)
    - 2.5.4 Qualitative telephone/video call interviewing (6)
    - 2.5.5 Email/online qualitative interviews (2)
    - 2.5.6 Self-interviews (1)
    - 2.5.7 Walking interviews (14)
    - 2.5.8 Vignettes (3)
    - 2.5.9 Recording interviews (2)
  - 2.6 Observation (42)
    - 2.6.2 Unstructured/ ethnographic observation (1)
    - 2.6.3 Real time and video observation (1)
    - 2.6.4 Participant observation (2)
    - 2.6.6 Mass observation (2)
  - 2.7 Biometric Data Collection (5)
  - 2.9 Visual Methods (127)
    - 2.9.1 Arts-based methods (6)
    - 2.9.2 Photographic research (5)
    - 2.9.3 Video research (10)
- 3. Data Quality and Data Management (373)
  - 3.1 Data Management (102)
    - 3.1.1 Data archiving (65)
    - 3.1.2 Data governance (8)
    - 3.1.3 Data management plans (3)
    - 3.1.4 Data security (5)
    - 3.1.5 Encryption (3)
    - 3.1.6 File-sharing (8)
    - 3.1.7 Information management (11)
    - 3.1.8 Sensitive data (4)
  - 3.2 Quality in Qualitative Research (82)
    - 3.2.1 Catalytic validity (4)
    - 3.2.2 Reflexivity (11)
    - 3.2.3 Transparency (11)
    - 3.2.4 Trustworthiness (5)
  - 3.3 Quality in Quantitative Research (70)
    - 3.3.1 Reliability (6)
    - 3.3.2 Validity (4)
    - 3.3.3 Total survey error (6)
    - 3.3.4 Evaluation of research (13)
  - 3.4 Measurement Error (33)
    - 3.4.1 Random measurement error (6)
    - 3.4.2 Systematic measurement error (5)
    - 3.4.3 Mode effects (3)
    - 3.4.4 Multitrait multimethod (4)
    - 3.4.5 Satisficing (3)
  - 3.5 Data Editing (8)
    - 3.5.1 Variable recoding (4)
  - 3.6 Nonresponse (60)
    - 3.6.1 Missing data (13)
    - 3.6.2 Unit nonresponse (3)
    - 3.6.3 Item nonresponse (3)
    - 3.6.4 Imputation (7)
    - 3.6.5 Weighting (5)
  - 3.7 Statistical Disclosure Control (9)
  - 3.8 Data Quality and Data Management (other) (95)
- 4. Qualitative Data Handling and Data Analysis (701)
  - 4.1 Discourse Analysis (29)
    - 4.1.1 Discursive analysis (3)
    - 4.1.2 Metaphor analysis (3)
  - 4.10 Grounded Theory (12)
  - 4.11 Ethnography (91)
    - 4.11.1 Autoethnography (4)
    - 4.11.2 Hypermedia ethnography (4)
  - 4.12 Phenomenology (8)
    - 4.12.1 Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (3)
  - 4.13 Visual Data Analysis (119)
  - 4.14 Thematic Analysis (15)
  - 4.15 Framework Analysis (4)
  - 4.16 Qualitative Longitudinal Analysis (13)
  - 4.17 Multimodal Analysis (3)
  - 4.18 Attributional Analysis (3)
  - 4.19 Actor Network Theory (3)
  - 4.2 Interaction Analysis (33)
  - 4.20 Textual Analysis (9)
  - 4.21 Qualitative Comparative Analysis (16)
  - 4.22 Qualitative Data Coding (7)
  - 4.23 Qualitative Approaches (other) (443)
  - 4.3 Conversation Analysis (17)
    - 4.3.1 Voice-centred relational method (3)
  - 4.4 Content Analysis (24)
  - 4.5 Narrative Methods (77)
  - 4.6 Analysis of Composite Data (8)
  - 4.7 Corpus Analysis (6)
  - 4.8 Documentary Analysis (16)
    - 4.8.1 Semiotic analysis (3)
  - 4.9 Biographical Methods/Oral History (27)
- 5. Quantitative Data Handling and Data Analysis (1325)
  - 5.1 Descriptive Statistics (10)
    - 5.1.1 Correlation (4)
    - 5.1.3 Levels of measurement (1)
  - 5.10 Latent Variable Models (157)
    - 5.10.10 Item response theory (7)
    - 5.10.11 Correspondence analysis (1)
    - 5.10.12 Cluster analysis (4)
    - 5.10.2 Latent class analysis (8)
    - 5.10.3 Latent profile analysis (2)
    - 5.10.5 Principal components analysis (1)
    - 5.10.6 Factor analysis (10)
    - 5.10.7 Confirmatory factor analysis (5)
    - 5.10.8 Structural equation models (62)
  - 5.11 Time Series Analysis (21)
    - 5.11.1 Forecasting (3)
  - 5.12 Data Mining (28)
    - 5.12.2 Neural networks (1)
    - 5.12.3 Machine learning (9)
  - 5.13 Simulation (67)
    - 5.13.1 Agent-based modelling (12)
  - 5.14 Non-Parametric Approaches (7)
  - 5.15 Econometrics (1)
  - 5.17 Quantitative Approaches (other) (371)
    - 5.17.2 Dynamic models (1)
    - 5.17.5 Propensity score matching (3)
    - 5.17.6 Sensitivity analysis (1)
  - 5.2 Statistical Theory and Methods of Inference (96)
    - 5.2.1 Probability theory (14)
    - 5.2.4 Non-parametric statistics (2)
    - 5.2.5 Bayesian methods (20)
    - 5.2.6 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) (7)
  - 5.3 Small Area Estimation (118)
    - 5.3.1 M-Quantile models (2)
    - 5.3.2 Multilevel models (11)
    - 5.3.3 Spatial microsimulation (4)
  - 5.4 Microdata Methods (69)
    - 5.4.1 Data linkage (29)
  - 5.5 Regression Methods (162)
    - 5.5.1 Ordinary least squares (OLS) (6)
    - 5.5.10 Discrete choice/count models (4)
    - 5.5.13 Poisson regression (4)
    - 5.5.16 Ordinal regression (3)
    - 5.5.2 Generalized liner model (GLM) (3)
    - 5.5.4 ANOVA (1)
    - 5.5.6 Linear regression (10)
    - 5.5.7 Log-linear regression (1)
    - 5.5.8 Logistic regression (14)
  - 5.6 Multilevel Modelling (318)
    - 5.6.1 Hierarchical models (2)
    - 5.6.2 Mixed models (4)
    - 5.6.3 Random effects (6)
  - 5.7 Longitudinal Data Analysis (248)
    - 5.7.4 Growth curve models (1)
    - 5.7.5 Growth mixture models (1)
    - 5.7.6 Latent class growth analysis (1)
  - 5.8 Event History Analysis (42)
    - 5.8.1 Hazard analysis (1)
    - 5.8.2 Survival analysis (1)
    - 5.8.4 Poisson regression (1)
  - 5.9 Spatial Data Analysis (139)
    - 5.9.2 Network analysis (8)
    - 5.9.3 Area-based analysis (1)
    - 5.9.5 Geographical Information System (GIS) (5)
    - 5.9.6 Geodemographics (2)
    - 5.9.8 Spatial distribution (3)
    - 5.9.9 Spatio-temporal analysis (2)
- 6. Mixed Methods Data Handling and Data Analysis (249)
  - 6.1 Social Network Analysis (33)
    - 6.1.1 Interaction analysis (3)
  - 6.2 Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (65)
    - 6.2.1 Complementary (4)
    - 6.2.2 Integration (5)
    - 6.2.3 Triangulation (3)
  - 6.3 Mixed Methods Approaches (other) (170)
- 7. ICT and Software (267)
  - 7.1 Qualitative Software (57)
    - 7.1.1 ATLAS.ti (1)
    - 7.1.3 NVivo (4)
    - 7.1.5 Computer Aided Qualitative Analysis Software (CAQDAS) (9)
  - 7.2 Quantitative Software (163)
    - 7.2.1 ArcGIS (1)
    - 7.2.10 Winbugs (2)
    - 7.2.2 Excel (2)
    - 7.2.3 MLwiN (8)
    - 7.2.4 Mplus (21)
    - 7.2.5 Python (13)
    - 7.2.6 R (27)
    - 7.2.7 SAS (2)
    - 7.2.8 SPSS (14)
    - 7.2.9 Stata (20)
  - 7.3 Technology (35)
    - 7.3.1 Grid technology (1)
  - 7.4 ICT and Software (other) (32)
    - 7.4.1 Latex (1)
- 8. Research Management and Impact (404)
  - 8.1 Research and Project Management (66)
    - 8.1.1 Change management (4)
    - 8.1.2 Performance management (3)
    - 8.1.3 Leading and chairing meetings (3)
    - 8.1.4 Staff management (3)
    - 8.1.5 Time management (3)
    - 8.1.6 Recruitment and selection (4)
    - 8.1.7 Coaching and mentoring skills (7)
  - 8.2 Confidentiality and Anonymity (41)
  - 8.3 Research Ethics (149)
  - 8.4 Research Policy (41)
  - 8.5 Evidence-Based Policy and Practice (53)
  - 8.6 Management of User Involvement (35)
  - 8.7 Consultancy Skills (7)
    - 8.7.1 Client or user relationship (3)
  - 8.8 Regulatory and Legal Aspects (21)
    - 8.8.1 Copyright (3)
    - 8.8.2 Data protection (11)
    - 8.8.3 Intellectual property (5)
    - 8.8.4 Plagiarism (3)
    - 8.8.5 Research governance (3)
  - 8.9 Research Management and Impact (other) (166)
- 9. Research Skills, Communication and Dissemination (470)
  - 9.1 Researching Literature (36)
    - 9.1.1 Literature reviews (14)
  - 9.2 Writing Skills (34)
    - 9.2.1 Grant applications (6)
    - 9.2.2 Report writing (9)
    - 9.2.3 Writing for publications (9)
    - 9.2.4 Writing research blogs (8)
    - 9.2.5 Disseminating with social media (6)
  - 9.3 Conference Posters and Presentations (34)
  - 9.4 Alternative Methods of Dissemination (49)
    - 9.4.1 Dissemination through Film and Video (9)
    - 9.4.2 Dissemination through Poetry (7)
    - 9.4.3 Dissemination through Theatre (10)
  - 9.5 Data Visualisation (24)
    - 9.5.1 Creating graphs and charts (7)
    - 9.5.2 Interactive data visualisation (6)
    - 9.5.3 Mind maps (6)
  - 9.6 Teaching and Supervising Research Methods (144)
    - 9.6.1 E-learning (46)
    - 9.6.2 Webinars (8)
    - 9.6.3 Blended learning (16)
    - 9.6.4 Face-to-face/classroom learning (30)
    - 9.6.5 Workshops (9)
    - 9.6.6 Supervision of research students (8)
    - 9.6.7 Training research methods teachers (30)
  - 9.7 Research Skills, Communication and Dissemination (other) (260)
    - 9.7.1 Interviewer skills and training (10)