Module 4: Multilevel Structures and Classifications

After completing this module you will be able to:
• Recognise a range of multilevel structures and classifications and how they
correspond to real-world situations, research designs, and/or social-science
research problems;
• Appreciate the different types of data frames associated with each
structure and how subscripts are used to represent structure;
• Begin to appreciate ‘targets of inference’;
• Distinguish between levels and variables, and fixed and random
classifications;
• Appreciate that multilevel structures are likely to generate dependent,
correlated data that requires special modelling;
• Recognise the difference between long and wide forms of data structures;
• Begin to appreciate the advantages, both technical and substantive,